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Plea for the rehabilitation of Kreol

23 février 2004, 20:00

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As a foreigner, retired from US administration and teaching, newly married and now residing in Mauritius, I am attempting to learn Kreol, as it is the lingua franca everyone understands. I have studied many languages. My first step is always to buy a Bible in the new language as a tool of study. How astonished I was to learn that it has not yet been published in Kreol, despite the efforts of the Bible Society over 200 years to translate scripture into all languages. I was equally astonished to learn that the reason is that Kreol is only beginning to be written down. Kreol, like English in Chaucer?s day, affords the joy of spelling words any old which-way--this will be hard to give up! But it is now necessary to settle on a uniform orthography so that Kreol can take its place as a proper written language.

The only book I could find in Kreol is The Holy Koran (text Arabic/Kreol, by Dr. Houssein Nahaboo, 1996). His Kreol is very French-looking: he writes ?besoin? and ?manger? when everybody says ?bizin? and ?manze?. It may be too old-fashioned to function as model for a modern orthography but the words, written this way, retain the innate visual elegance of French and this holy Koran is indeed a model of Kreol style! The language is clear and direct, forceful and eloquent, as well as poetic and heart-felt. It is a Kreol classic.

I learn that a scholarly commission to translate and publish a Kreol New Testament foundered for disagreement on orthography and that the Commission is no longer working on the project. I am writing to encourage you and your flock to turn your attention again to this critical endeavour. Doubtless the Bible Society would help, as would others, like the Anglican Church, the Latter Day Saints and other Christian congregations.

I pray the commission can be revived and widened to include Kreol speakers from other countries in the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean. I pray such a commission will translate the New Testament into a written Kreol that will resolve every question of orthography with sensitivity and judgment. It is urgent to make compromises to get on with the national and international project of writing in Kreol.

<B>Leadership in nation building</B>

In orthography there seem to be two camps: one using an English-oriented pronunciation (hence ?trwa fwa? and the like) while the other writes Kreol as a form of French ? which it is!

The claim of the French-speaking camp is strong, for there is a ?maternal? relationship between French and Kreol that counts if the new ?orthography? is to seem natural and not make Kreol something new and different.

But the other camp, who wishes to write and spell Kreol as so many sounds of English, has much to recommend its system. For one thing it eliminates French accents and makes Kreol easy to ?keyboard?. So, in this compromise, the ?French? camp would give up all accents, while the ?English? camp might abandon the letter ?w? and thus save ?trois fois?, ?moi? and ?toi? from becoming ?trwa fwa?, ?mwa? and ?twa?.

When Kreol scripture translations used in liturgy are published in La Vie Catholique, there is a table of simple pronunciation rules. This system, using mostly English pronunciation, enjoys wide acceptance and may be close to the much sought-after compromise.

The matter is urgent and a judicious scholarly adjudication of Kreol orthography is sorely needed. Voices are raised from everywhere for Kreol use in the curriculum, especially in Std I. But, without a unitary system of writing conventions, Kreol cannot be adopted in school. The Church has here an opportunity to provide leadership in nation-building while fulfilling its divine mission of announcing the Gospel.

If the New Testament were published today in a form of Kreol vouched for by strong academic credentials, the orthography problem could be solved and Mauritius could move forward to a better use of Kreol in schools and a flowering of writing, publishing and singing in Kreol.

Part of the patrimony of early African slaves, Kreol brings a rich literary dowry of 18th century folk stories and séga songs. This great gift to the nation has never received due recognition. E. J. Maunick has written that it was thanks to séga that the Mascarene Islands ?are not just grains of sand in the middle of the ocean, they have a soul and a heart-beat, which is séga.? This claim is partly true as the séga tempo is three-quarter time, that of the heart-beat.

Drawback for underprivileged</B>

In a multilingual land, Kreol is the only language understood by all. Yet it has no standing in schools, in government proceedings, in culture or the media. The apparent reason for the wasteful neglect of this essential resource for nation-building is nothing more than snobbery and neo-colonial prejudice. Kreol is a patois, a ?pidgin? language based on French and looked down upon as rustic and uncouth by those who know French. But Mauritians, who have no ?Mauritian? French, are fluent in Kreol. Mauritius has been Kreol-speaking for 200 years! Moreover, Kreol has evolved into more than a French patois: it is a language, now becoming written and spoken by a family of nations here and in the Caribbean.

Ledikasyon Pou Travayer, Lalit, Dany Adoni, Arnaud Carpooran, Father Jauffret, Sister Cyril Mooney, Jean-Claude de l?Estrac and l?express, and other concerned voices think that teaching in English is a great drawback for many disadvantaged pupils in early grades.

Would it be true to say that Catholic schools are in favour of admitting Kreol in the curriculum and ready to use it in Std I? Would it likewise be true that only the correct orthography stands in the way? If so, you can lead us out of this indecision by publishing that Kreol New Testament.

If an international ?academy? of arbiters of Kreol and a panel of learned scripture scholars, to assemble, work and publish the book, will take time, one could opt for a partial publication ? say St. John?s Gospel ? at an early date.

To make something useful, perhaps catalytic, happen meanwhile, Kreol could be ?introduced? in music departments of Catholic schools. If a Kreol Song Book could be put together and distributed to the schools, Kreol ?choirs? could soon sing to the public. For Kreol songs, along with Bhojpuri songs, are the most vibrant element of Mauritian culture and a lively songbook might set Kreol culture nicely in motion in schools. The new songbook should seek out historic (Ti Frer and older) material but contemporary songs should be featured extensively. A place of honour might be granted to songs of Kaya and today?s music with star groups like Cassiya, Gangsta Beach, Otentik Street Brothers and others. Bhojpuri Boys and other Bhojpuri artists should be widely included.

<B>Values sought by non-catholics</B>

This selective version of a vernacular Mauritian song book could be followed by a comprehensive edition, something like Mauritian and Mascarene Songs in Kreol and Bhojpuri, 1715-2005. If it appears in several volumes, one at least should be a sturdily-bound ?hymnal? book for use by choirs.

You were right, I think, to raise your voice to government recently, for they do indeed not listen well. It has been a fairly treacherous partner, pretending to support your legal appeal in London when they well knew that reserved places in school were illegal. But, no matter, if indeed state subvention, can be left behind. For that is the issue, as both the Supreme Court and the ?law lords? saw it: in accepting State grant-in-aid, catholic schools agree to provide education for all, without discrimination.

However, such service is not the primary mission of Catholic education. The State is trying to persuade you to stay in the ?partnership?, to use your resources to serve ?the underprivileged?. One is tempted to do something good for ?the poor?. But one cannot lose sight of the purpose of Catholic education and the reason the Church wanted to keep its schools 50 % Catholic. The traditional purpose is educate young Catholics in their faith.

I attended Catholic schools from first grade through first year of university. This good instruction and example formed me and confirmed me in my faith. This has been a great blessing in my life.

It is tradition to welcome non-Catholic students into this Catholic environment. In many countries the non-Catholic elite send their children to Catholic schools. Young people, both Catholic and non-Catholic, need good instruction and example beyond the curriculum of public schools. Honesty, respect, consideration for others and responsibility are all better taught in anybody?s confessional school than in a secular school. These are the values sought by non-Catholics who pay to send their children to Catholic schools. For without God ? or the gods! ? there is no sanction.

<B>Mediation of an endowment</B>

In most countries Catholic education is ?fee-paying?. The elite and the non-Catholics pay the full rate and the Church calls on other resources to discount or waive school fees for poor Catholics. It is this mix that has made school uniforms useful as a democratic mask to avoid distinction between rich and poor.

In secular democracies the Church has looked for legal subsidies and devices like vouchers sometimes work. But the law sees the acceptance of State subvention as establishing that a school is public. The Church has no business running public schools. At first, catholic schools were ?fee-paying? in Mauritius. It is now a matter of going back to where we were when we made the wrong turn.

The Church counts most of the poorest people in the country, the African Creoles. But it also includes the richest class, Creoles of French origin and Mauritians of Chinese origin. This should make ?fee-paying? Catholic education possible through the mediation of an endowment. At the beginning of any change to a paying system, large sums of money would be needed but your flock can bear this necessary expense and you must ask.

For the catholic congregation the social plight of African Creoles is a matter of conscience and an opportunity for caring fellowship. The big must be asked to help the little and, maybe for the first time, in a big way. There is a growing movement seeking redress for descendants of former slaves. Your appeal would launch a work-education for all Catholics, with full subsidy for the poorest ? that makes effective atonement for the sins of the Church in times of slavery.

The crowning glory of this new endowment would be the foundation of a catholic university. The need is great and benefits to the country would be untold. The start-up expense might not need to be prohibitive. Existing buildings ? the most architecturally distinguished colleges ? could be dispossessed for the purpose and the faculty could be a religious order, Jesuits or Marists or Benedictines, who would, if they accepted such an invitation, bring in many resources of their own.

I hope you can give serious consideration to these ideas.

Karl Morris Nickel

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